"On the non-linear distortions in the production of phonograph records caused by angular deviation of the pick-up needle"
As stated by Eric Lofgren at the beginning:
"The recording of gramophone records with the usual laterally cut groove is made, as is generally known, by means of a cutting head which is advanced parallel to itself along a radius of the lacquer with constant speed, while the cutting stylus performs small oscillations in a radial direction. These oscillations produce small lateral displacements of the spiral groove. These lateral displacements form a curve which, in principle, is analogous to the particle movement of the acoustic wave. Perfectly faithful reproduction of the record can only be achieved if the tracking of the groove by the needle of the sound box or the electrical phonograph pick-up takes place under the same geometrical conditions as the recording."
人耳經過千百萬年進化,聽慣的都是analog,習慣黑膠那像真的樂器質感,富有感情的聲音,並不稀奇吧。Lofgren說明"analogous to the particle movement of the acoustic wave",便正正道出黑膠唱片的其一偉大之處,就算有拾音誤差,但仍可和自然聲波很相類似,簡而言之「順耳」。只可惜analog master tape及黑膠唱片都有損耗性問題,理論上每播一次,便損耗一次。若計算過千次,每次播放音質的差異性SD(Standard Deviation),黑膠唱片便一定輸給digital source。